Is Panic Disorder Caused by a Chemical Imbalance?

You may have heard that mental health conditions are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, but what exactly does that mean? The term "chemical imbalance" is shorthand for the complex interplay and delicate balance of neurotransmitter systems in the brain required to maintain mental health.

The following describes the chemical imbalance theory and other factors that may influence the development of panic disorder.

The “Chemical Imbalance” Theory

According to chemical imbalance theories, panic disorder symptoms are related to imbalances in the naturally occurring chemical messengers in the brain known as neurotransmitters. These help communicate information between nerve cells brain throughout the brain.

The human brain is thought to have hundreds of these different types of neurotransmitters, and chemical imbalance theories suggest that a person can become more susceptible to developing panic disorder symptoms if one or more of these neurotransmitters do not remain balanced.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is largely associated with mood, sleep, appetite, and other regulatory functions in the body. Experts have also found that reduced levels of serotonin are connected to depression and anxiety.

The neurotransmitter dopamine may also contribute to symptoms. Dopamine influences, among other functions, a person’s energy levels, attention, rewards, and movement.

Norepinephrine is also related to anxiety as it released in the fight-or-flight response, or they physiological response to stress. Last, GABA plays a role in balancing excitement or agitation and inducing feelings of calm and relaxation through its inhibitory effect.

Other Theories

Other theories about the causes of panic disorder look at the possibility of genetic or environmental influences. Genetic theories are based on the solid evidence of the familial link of panic disorder.

Other theories look at environmental factors, such as one’s upbringing or current life stressors, as key influencers in the development of panic disorder.

For instance, problems in childhood, such as being raised by overprotective and anxious parents, attachment issues, and experiences of abuse or neglect, may impact a person later in life. Experiencing difficult life stressors and transitions, including grief and loss or other major life changes, can also affect a person’s wellbeing and vulnerability to developing a mental health condition.

A Combination of Influences

Currently, most professionals who treat panic disorder rely on a multidimensional theory to understand the causes of panic and anxiety symptoms. This theory is based on the notion that a combination of factors leads to the development of panic disorder, meaning that a chemical imbalance may be partly to blame.

Other influences, such as genetics and environmental factors, also likely play a role in a person’s experience with panic disorder.

Treatments

If you are considering treatment options, your doctor or therapist may follow a treatment approach that addresses multidimensional factors. Early detection and diagnosis will be important in getting you on the right treatment plan for your particular needs.

Medications, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, may be prescribed to bring equilibrium back to your neurotransmitters. Psychotherapy may help with dealing with past hurts, getting through life challenges, and overcoming negative thoughts and behaviors. Self-help techniques can promote relaxation, stress management, and getting through anxiety on a day-by-day basis.

A Word From Verywell

Your doctor or therapist will most likely recommend a combination of treatment options to help you manage your symptoms. Although the exact cause of panic disorder is still unknown, these treatments have shown success in helping people with their panic disorder symptoms.